University of Toronto and Empa–Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology

Researchers from the University of Toronto in Canada, Northwestern University, The University of Toledo and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in the United States, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) in Saudi Arabia, Yunnan University in China, Ecole Polytechnique Fedérale de Lausanne (EPFL) in Switzerland and also University of Warwick in the UK have developed a triple-junction perovskite solar cell with a document performance of 24.3% with an open-circuity voltage of 3.21 V.